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Modernism was born at the turn of the centuries of European architecture as a movement to create a style of his era.


Since the second half of the XIX century, as use of new building materials, especially concrete and glass, development engineering, architectural creativity fat value to fall. There was a division of labor, engineers and architects. For civil engineers walked much of the construction of buildings. For architects, there is a feature mainly ornamental applications strode triumphantly to construction equipment. Architects engaged mainly decorating buildings, designed by engineers with little thought about the integrity of the composition. The architecture reigned dominance eclectic and decorations.


In the 90's of last century modernist defined as an architectural style. He was the means of overcoming the eclecticism mastered European architecture. Modernism aimed to create a new universal synthetic style. The great masters of modern one proizvedeniisoedinyali a fabulous body architecture, plastic arts, painting, arts and crafts.


Modernism emerged in opposition to the rationalism of the XIX century. With the advent of the construction of iron and steel in public and zatemv industrial and residential buildings began to take shape a new nomenclature of building types, based on their functional purpose: stores, public libraries, and other residential buildings are designed, based on their functional zoning. Rationalism developed from the inside. The function determines the shape, form followed function.


Already the 70-s of the XIX century, confirmed the view that rationality is not quite architectural and artistic movement, but rather engineering. The architecture of the Art Modernism style blossomed rapidly and luxuriantly. He painted a whole period of the history of architecture at the end of the last century, and went deep into the deep array of the century. This current is known under the title: "Art Modernism" in Russia, "Art Modernism" in Belgium and France, "Secession" in Austria-Hungary, "yugendshtil" in Germany, "style Alberti" in Italy, "modern style" in the UK "Tiffany" in the United States, etc.


"Art Modernism" is developed mainly in the architecture of town houses and expensive apartment buildings, town houses and villas. Modernist architects in the formation and composition of the building plans were safely on the use of asymmetric solutions to group volume and location of window and door openings. Here, among the private life of a very wealthy client, the architects takes financial support and creative freedom. Forms of windows, doors, stairs are a variety of almost indefinitely. Decoration of facades and interior features to achieve an incredible sophistication. Great importance is attached to its expressiveness flowing rhythms, colors and textures of a patterned glazed ceramic tiles, wrought iron hardware, door and window of stained glass. Stained Glass Art Modernism is not abstract, like Gothic, but they contain bionic natural forms.


For typical modern silhouettes and designs, styled in smooth, easy curving lines shape of the plant and water bowls. Facades feature a rounded, sometimes fantastically curved contours of openings, using arrays of forged metal and glazed ceramics restrained in tone colors: green, purple, pink, gray. In architecture spread weeping, soft, as if self-generated forms in decorative art - prostrate on the surface, sprawling, enveloping stylized ornament. A number of ornamental motifs of modernity has been borrowed from the art of the Far East, especially Japan. These motifs were subsequently widespread.


In modernity widely used as reinforced concrete (theory calculations which appeared just at that time), the same metal as the design and decorative element. Widely used in steel glass. The appearance of these building materials affected the creative minds of architects and builders. They hinted at the unusual design and architectural solutions, their development was at odds with the long-established practice in eclecticism. Modern attempts to rethink the concrete as a new building material aesthetically, and not as a new auxiliary to construction.


Major role in shaping modern interior style played by the appearance of electricity in 1900. Artificial electric lighting had an impact on tsvetovidenie interiors. Stained glass, illuminated from within, gave the buildings a unique appeal and interiors - expression.


Undoubted conquest of modernity - a holistic approach to the design of individual buildings, the pursuit of their ensemble decision. Of special interest to the design of modern showed window openings with a specific pattern of binding and fills them with stained glass. He was actively employed in glazed tiles lining the individual inserts on the walls and in the design of windows. A major role in the design of facades, windows and doorways played flat plaster moldings. Drawings of stained glass as decorative motifs used flowers - irises, poppies, various herbs, and lilies and other aquatic plants with long trailing stems. Used and geometric patterns, including meander motif in a particular characteristic of the modern drawing.


Great technical and artistic possibilities were opened in the glass. In Lorraine, Nancy School emerged, headed by E. Galle, cultivate complex range of colors colors and textures.


Modern wall treats not only as a structural and static for a specific item. In the modern era were laid trends approaching sculpture expressions plastic walls in the architectural scale. The windows have an organic expression of style. For the first time window and arched doorways, their filling and decoration are equally important component of style for the facade and in the interior of buildings.


The walls were painted rooms in pastel colors - sirenevato, green, pearl-gray. They subtly combined furniture new forms. In furniture and headsets dominate drawn, flabby wavy shape. Use other than earlier types of wood, in particular was a very common gray smoky maple. Sometimes introduced into the interiors of the lower parts of the walls lining in the form of panels, which is made of the same species as the furniture. Upholstery fabrics often produced faded relaxed tones with large stylized flowers connecting to divorce curvilinear pattern. With external and internal facing buildings used pottery and majolica.


The ancestor of modern believe the Belgian artist-architect Victor Horta. Type a new building that occurred during the formation of a modern style, - a general store - the most interesting. He required the use of large glass surfaces. Innovative in this respect include shop "Innovassion" built Horta in Brussels in 1901. Completely glazed with metal binding, the facade of the building covered the total sales area of the first floor, the upper floors of shopping malls and unifying the stairs.


The famous Emile Tassel House (1892-1893), professor of the University of Brussels, became a manifesto of the new style. In the same style were built two mansions - Eytveld and Solveig. Contemporaries, who made a special pilgrimage to Brussels to explore the work of Orta hit bezordernost Tassel mansion facade, metal covers large bay windows, as it merged with the facade. Horta has shown himself a master of the interior. He radically changes the internal space - open it, replacing partitions well done metal. Combining glass and metal so as to form, as it were transparent film, it achieves that light penetrates everywhere and the stairwell becomes illuminated center of the dwelling. Room mansion filled with light - Horta took half the area of the first floor of the mansion's courtyard under a winter garden, and a no-go room upper floor around the central hall and the internal staircase, lit by a glass lantern. Victor Horta not only sought to use metal and glass, but also revealing their organic quality, to give them a new architectural and artistic expression. On the facade, which otherwise would have looked almost classical, rock angle iron window "light" are made to emphasize the existence of an internal metal frame. He sought and found a new style, which essentially was an expression of material well-being of the emerging bourgeois class, personality and refinement.


The mansion Tassel Orta first used the line, called the "lash of a whip." It was the figure of speech metal stress, the embodiment of a nervous, intense spirit of the age, its emblem. The elegance of its bending has become an example of graphic art and style in the windows and stained glass art Modernism buildings.


In Germany, the new style spread a little later than in other European countries. It was called the "Jugendstil" ("Jugend" - art magazine, around which were grouped the supporters of this movement.)
German Art Modernism building program can rightly be considered a shop "Elvira" (1897-1898) architect August Endel.


As in other countries, with the advent of reinforced concrete construction has developed indoor markets, exhibition halls, rooms for festivities. Were created by the original spatial solutions facades and interiors with extensive use of glass and metal.


The most interesting in this regard is the German architect Bruno Taut (1880-1938). His "Iron House" - Exhibition pavilion was erected on the construction fair in Leipzig in 1913, as set out at each other, gradually decreasing volume, topped dome. Each face of the pavilion separated wide strip of metal and by perceived as a giant glazed cage. Another pavilion, built for Taut Werkbund exhibition in Cologne and was called "The Glass House", is a clear, twelve-volume with a large dome, consisting of glass plates diamond shape.


In the work of architect Hans Peltsiga (1869-1936) emphasized noticeable expressiveness. This large vertical windows in the office building constructed by him (1911) in Breslau, rhythmically varied in size and ochertaniyamokna industrial chemical factories in Leobane, near Poznan.
Architecture for Art Modernism architecture in France made a fresh stream of search and that it was particularly important, was the first stylistic course, broke with podrazhatelskimi styles. The first salon under the name "Art Modernism" was opened in Paris in 1895 where neighbors painting and sculpture (Rodin), arts and crafts, glass Galle and Tiffany jewelry Lolika, graphics Bodsleya, Bradley McIntosh.


The chief representative of modernism in architecture in France was Hector Gimar.V 1899, he received an order for the construction of stations of the Paris Metro. In these extremely light, echoing the organic form pavilions of glass and metal, a combination of structural and decorative elements have been particularly successful.


Art Modernism had an impact also on the construction of the Vienna metro. Otto Wagner, a spokesman for ideas "Secession", the head of the Department of Architecture at the Academy of Plastic Arts, sought to create a new style that would get rid of the repetition of past and was in tune with the time. Subway station, designed and built by Wagner, are simple and clean lines of modern, elegantly contoured line of window and door openings, large planes of glazing, the use of metal.


When referring to modernity, a commonplace phrase - "windows - the eyes of buildings" - takes on special meaning. Whimsical modern stained glass windows and see the world in a mysterious look exotic beauties.


Antonio Gaudi-and-cornet - the most unusual and original architect of the Art Modernism style. Sreditecheny modernity of his work was so detached that he identified a special name - "antoniogaund." His work is perhaps one of the most controversial events in the European architecture. The originality of the style of the famous Spaniard that he appeared concrete to simulate their structures of complex organic forms of nature, mimicking complicated configurations and lines characteristic of rocks, trees, shells. Windows smoothly delineated lines timidly peeking out from under the concrete "brow" entwined with complex moldings. One of the most famous buildings of Gaudi - the house is lovely, popularly known as "La Pedrera", which means "stone." This is located on a corner site, a six-story apartment building resembles a huge rock, its windows and doors are like caves, the metal parts of balcony railings - on whimsical vines.


Creators of Modern freely resorted to asymmetrical forms and compositions. Window and door openings to fill them with bizarre twists organically woven into the living plastic building a new style.


Modernism was not only an elitist phenomenon. He became a pioneer of mass culture. If rationality is widely rasprostranenieza 50 years, the seeds of modernity literally flew around the world in one week due to the emergence of rotary machines and, as a consequence, the mass distribution of printed materials - newspapers and magazines, razvozimyh trains. Modern architecture was dominant in 20-25 years, and was continued in functionalism and expressionism.

Modernism. Early. 1900s - 1980s.

Covers the period from the beginning of the 1900s and 70s-80s (in Europe), when there are new trends in architecture.

Features of Modernism in architecture:

  Creation of a new, something that would fit today. That is, there is a basic setting for novelty architecture - both design and planning ideas, pledged in the project, and external forms. The figurative expression "prism of concrete and glass," well conveys general modernist buildings.

Modernism.

Vladimir Ivanov

Architecture

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