Architectural style - a set of features and characteristics of architecture.

The characteristic features of a particular time and place, manifested in features of functional, structural and artistic sides (appointment of buildings, building materials and construction techniques of the architectural composition), form the architectural style.

The development of architectural styles, depending on the climatic, technological, religious, and cultural factors.

Although the development of architecture depends on time, do not always follow each others styles sequences known simultaneous coexistence of styles as alternatives to each other (for example, baroque and classical, modern and eclectic, functionalism, constructivism and Art Deco).

 

The concept of architectural style

 

The notion of style in the scientific study of art was introduced in the middle of the XVIII century German archaeologist Johann Joachim Wilhelmina. Most of the works devoted to the art style, focused on the study of the nature of the phenomenon and the mechanisms of the formation of a style in art and architecture in the philosophical, cultural, and semiotic, system synergy aspects. Therefore, the theory of architecture and art history the most convenient and popular "descriptive tool" for architectural forms was the concept of style.

Commonly accepted definition of an architectural style does not exist. Thus, the Dictionary of Britannica, published in the years 1890-1907, realized architectural style in two ways: as a spatial (territorial) and as the temporal characteristics of architectural language. The spatial aspect of the allocated styles: "Egyptian, Greek, with its Doric, Ionic and Corinthian branches Etruscan." In terms of time indicated "Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, Rococo, Empire." There is a candid character style as a subjective phenomenon and the role of the author, and also to give a qualitative assessment of the architectural language in terms of style: "Style is called" pure "if all items intact and proper ratio are in place, or" unclean " when it introduced elements of other styles. "

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Features architectural style as a descriptive tool

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The regional nature of the style

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Architectural style as the style in art in general, - a relative concept. It is useful to reflect on the history of European architecture. However, to compare the architectural history of several regions style descriptive tool is not suitable. Difficult to separate the history of architecture in Asian countries, such as China's architecture, the periods corresponding to the architectural styles of Europe. A similar problem arises in the study of Russian architecture.

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Inconsistency national doctrines

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Architectural style falling during the period 1762-1840 gg., In Russia (as in Germany), traditionally called classicism, whereas in France is considered classicism style of the XVII century, the style of Louis XIV (Louis XIV).

Neoclassicism in Russia and Germany called retrospective style of the beginning of XX century. In France, under the style of Neoclassicism understand the second half of XVIII century, the style of Louis XVI (Louis XVI).

The style that is called in Russian art history Art Nouveau, Art Criticism foreign names as in the U.S. - "Tiffany" (named Tiffany LK), France - "Art Nouveau" and «fin de siècle» (literally "the end of the century "), in Germany -" Jugendstil "(more accurately," yugendshtil "- it. Jugendstil, based on the name in 1896 illustrated magazine Die Jugend), in Austria -" Art Nouveau »(Secessionsstil), in England - the" modern style " (modern style, letters. "modern style"), in Italy - "Liberty style", in Spain - "modernism" in the Netherlands - «Nieuwe Kunst», Switzerland - "spruce style» (style sapin).

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Latest styles

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Within the post-modern paradigm designed many areas that are significantly different in ideology and linguistic tools. While there are scientific debate about the independence of this or that direction, there can be no unity in the terminology. The same phenomenon, such as deconstruction, can be considered as a stylistic direction, and as a separate architectural style.

 

Architectural Styles

   
The most significant architectural styles:

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•      Prehistoric architecture
•      Ancient architecture. VIII. BC. e. - V in. n. e.
•      Romanesque style. X-XII centuries.
•      Gothic. XII-XV centuries.
•      Revival. Early. XV - early. XVII.
•      Baroque. Cohn. XVI century - the end. XVIII century.
•      Rococo. Early. XVIII - con. XVIII century.
•      Classicism, including Palladianism, Empire, neogrek. Ser. XVIII-XIX century.
•      Eclecticism. 1830s - 1890s.
•      Modern. 1890s - 1910s.
•      Modernism. Early. 1900s - 1980s.
•      Constructivism. 1920 - early. 1930.
•      Postmodernism. From the middle. XX century.
•      High-tech. Since the end. 1970.
•      Deconstruction. Since the end. 1980s.